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Angus Lewis Macdonald (August 10, 1890 – April 13, 1954), popularly known as 'Angus L.', was a Canadian lawyer, law professor and politician from Nova Scotia. He served as the Liberal premier of Nova Scotia from 1933 to 1940, when he became the federal minister of defence for naval services. He oversaw the creation of an effective Canadian navy and Allied convoy service during World War II.〔"Fighting Navy", ''Time'' magazine, September 18, 1944.〕 After the war, he returned to Nova Scotia to become premier again. In the election of 1945, his Liberals returned to power while their main rivals, the Conservatives, failed to win a single seat. The Liberal rallying cry, "All's Well With Angus L.," was so effective that the Conservatives despaired of ever beating Macdonald.〔Stevens, Geoffrey. (1973) ''Stanfield''. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Limited, pp.45–46.〕 He died in office in 1954. Macdonald's more than 15 years as premier brought fundamental changes. Under his leadership, the Nova Scotia government spent more than $100 million paving roads, building bridges, extending electrical transmission lines and improving public education. Macdonald dealt with the mass unemployment of the Great Depression by putting the jobless to work on highway projects. He felt direct government relief payments would weaken moral character, undermine self-respect and discourage personal initiative.〔Henderson, T. Stephen. (2007) ''Angus L. Macdonald: A Provincial Liberal''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press Incorporated, pp.3–9.〕 However, he also faced the reality that the financially strapped Nova Scotia government could not afford to participate fully in federal relief programs that required matching contributions from the provinces.〔Forbes, E.R. (1989) ''Challenging the Regional Stereotype: Essays on the 20th Century Maritimes''. Fredericton: Acadiensis Press, p.148.〕 Macdonald was considered one of his province's most eloquent political orators.〔Beck, J. Murray. (1988) ''Politics of Nova Scotia''. (Volume Two 1896–1988) Tantallon, N. S.: Four East Publications, p.154.〕 He articulated a philosophy of provincial autonomy, arguing that poorer provinces needed a greater share of national tax revenues to pay for health, education and welfare.〔Henderson, pp.81–82.〕 He contended that Nova Scotians were victims of a national policy that protected the industries of Ontario and Quebec with steep tariffs forcing people to pay higher prices for manufactured goods. It was no accident, Macdonald said, that Nova Scotia had gone from the richest province per capita before Canadian Confederation in 1867 to poorest by the 1930s.〔Macdonald, Angus L. (1960) ''Speeches of Angus L. Macdonald''. Toronto: Longmans, Green and Company, pp.69–75.〕 Macdonald was a classical liberal in the 19th-century tradition of John Stuart Mill. He believed in individual freedom and responsibility and feared that the growth of government bureaucracy would threaten liberty.〔"A biographical note", by Senator T. A. Crerar in ''Speeches of Angus L. Macdonald'', p.xix.〕 For him, the role of the state was to provide basic services. He supported public ownership of utilities like the Nova Scotia Power Commission, but rejected calls for more interventionist policies such as government ownership of key industries or big loans to private companies.〔Henderson, pp.9 & 70.〕 ==Early life and education== Angus Lewis Macdonald was born August 10, 1890, on a small family farm at Dunvegan, Inverness County, on Cape Breton Island. He was the ninth child in a family of 14. His mother was from a prominent Acadian family on Prince Edward Island while his father's family had emigrated to Cape Breton from the Scottish Highlands in 1810. The Macdonalds were devout Roman Catholics as well as ardent Liberal Party supporters.〔Hawkins, John. (1969) ''The Life and Times of Angus L''. Windsor, N.S.: Lancelot Press Limited, pp.10–24.〕 In 1905, when Macdonald was 15, the family moved to the town of Port Hood, Cape Breton. Macdonald attended the Port Hood Academy. He hoped to enroll next in the Bachelor of Arts program at St Francis Xavier University in Antigonish, but his family couldn't afford to pay for a university education so Macdonald obtained a teaching licence and taught for two years to finance his education. Midway through his university studies, he took another year off to earn money teaching.〔Henderson, pp.13–14.〕 He completed his final term on credit and was required to teach in the university's high school during 1914–15 to pay off his debt.〔Hawkins, pp.37 & 40.〕 Macdonald did well at St. FX. He played rugby, joined the debating team, edited the student newspaper and, in his graduating year, won the gold medal in seven of his eight courses. He was also class valedictorian.〔Henderson, pp.15–16.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Angus Lewis Macdonald」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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